apa itu "anti bacteria" dan nano teknologi?

Pada masa ini , teknologi berkembang sangat pesat dan para saintis dan pengilang berlumba-lumba untuk melariskan barangan mereka.

Siapa yang menjadi mendahului dalam sesuatu penemuan selalunya akan lebih di percayai oleh pengguna.

..Oleh itu dalam bidang seramik perkakasan tandas,ianya telah pun bermula sekian lama juga

Adakah anda pernah mendengar tentang "anti bacteria" dan nano teknologi??...

PENJELASANYA; Nano teknologi merupakan bidang ilmu yang memfokuskan kaedah penyelesaian melalui unsur tersangat kecil dalam zarah seperti atom,ion,ataupun melokul.Apabila disebut NANO bermakna unsur yang berukuran nano (10 kuasa -8).Sebagai berbandingan 1mm adalah (10 kuasa -1). 8,0000000 kali lebih kecil dari 1mm.

Melalui unsur yang sangat kecil ini maka digunakan bagi menutup ruang besar yang terdapat pada seramik.Dalam perkara ini silver(perak) digunakan.

Apabila ruang sudah ditutup maka bacteria ataupun fungi(mempunyai size yang lebih besar) tidak boleh memasuki ruang-ruang yang telahpun ditutup.

gambaran permukaan seramik yang tidak ada diselaputi " silver"

nano silver di bawa masuk




bacteria yang berwarna coklat tidak dapat memasuki ruang yang telah ditutupi oleh nano silver


99.9% bacteria dihapuskan

WHO INVENTED TOILET

They were the Bill Gates and Steve Jobs of their day. They were the ones who tinkered alone and envisioned a world well beyond the grasp of their contemporaries .
They were the toilet makers the men who understood with incomplete knowledge that there was a better way than chamber pots and open trenches, and set about finding it. They labored long hours, usually alone and for little reward. In some cases, there was no reward, just ridicule for an invention too far ahead of it's time.
The English Origins: There was a noble origin to the water closet in its earliest days. Sir John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth, set about making a "necessary" for his godmother and himself in 1596. A rather accomplished inventor, Harrington ended his career with this invention, for he was ridiculed by his peers for this absurd device. He never built another one, though he and his godmother both used theirs. Left: Pneumatic closet manufactured by Henery Huber & Co. in 1884."Water entered from one side of the bowl and through the top at the same time, causing the bowl to flush.

Two hundred years passed before another tinker, Alexander Cummings, would reinvent Harrington's water closet. Cummings invented the Strap, a sliding valve between the bowl and the trap. It was the first of its kind. However, it didn't take long for others to follow Cummings lead. Two years later in 1777, Samuel Prosser applied for and received a patentfor a plunger closet. On his heels came Joseph Bramah, only one year later. His closet had a valve at the bottom of the bowl that worked on a hinge, a predecessor to the modern ballcock. Himself a bit of a sailor, Bramah's closet was used extensively on ships and boats of the era.
The master toilet maker among the Englishmen would emerge in the next decade. Thomas Twyford revolutionized the water closet business in 1885 when he built the first trapless toilet in a one-piece, all china design. A preeminent potter, Twyford competed against other notable business including Wedgwood and Moulton.
Twyford's design was unique in that it was of china, rather than the more common metal and wood contraptions. The internal workings of his water closet were the work of one the first pioneers of the "sanitary science." J. G. Jennings patented a washout closet in 1852. This unit had a shallow basin with a dished tray and water seal. The flush water drove the contents into the pan and then through the S-trap. It was a design the Twyford would refine and promote for the rest of the decade. Left: Cumming's valve closet, patented 1775.
On American Shores: The work of the English inventors didn't travel with settlers to the new world. The only item to make the journey was a chamber pot, so American inventors were on their own.
On their own, yes, but not very far behind. In fact water closet developments in the new world paralleled inventions in the mother country. First it was the conical - shaped hopper set in a lead trap that was placed under the floor. The pan closet came next. It improved on the previous model with an upper ceramic basin and a shallow copper pan with three to five inches at the base. A wash down closet flushed by a direct line from a storage tank hidden high above, usually in the attic.
The first Americans awarded a patent for a water closet are James T. Henry and William Campbell. In 1875 their plunger closet resembled some of the twin-basin water closets developed and derided in England. These units were less than sanitary and shunned by some of the industry's earliest pioneers.
From the late 1850s to the mid 1890s the number of patents granted for water closet designs grew as more and more inventors realized the potential market for an improved model. An American, John Randall Mann was granted a patent for his three-pipe siphonic closet in 1870. In 1876 William Smith earned his own for a jet siphon closet. This model caught the attention of the famous American sanitary engineer George Waring who developed it into larger pieces of sanitary ware, as it was then called.
Thomas Kennedy, another American improved on Mann's designed and patented a siphonic closet which required only two delivery pipes. One flushed the rim and the other started the siphon. Still further improvement occurred in 1890 with William Howell's water closet that eliminated the lower trap, but maintained the same superior function.
By the turn of the century water closet innovations were occurring on a nearly daily basis. The U.S.Patent Office received applications for 350 new water closet designs between 1900 and 1932. Two of the first granted in the new decade were to Charles Neff and Robert Frame. These New Englanders were the first to produce a siphonic wash-down closet that would become the norm in this country in later years.
Problems with the bowl design in Neff and Frame's unit were fixed 10 years later by Fred Adee. He redesigned the bowl, eliminating the messy overflows that sometimes occurred, and in doing so gave birth to production of the siphonic closet in America.
Some of the names of the other inventors who refined water closet design at this time have been lost, but their accomplishments have not. In the early 1900s patents were granted for the flushometer valve, a backflow preventer, a wall-mounted closet with a blow-out arrangement, a tank that rests on the bowl, and reverse trap toilets.
Modern Age Inventors: This isn't tosay there aren't inventors alive and working today who will be added to this list of who's who in the years to come. However,some of the modern day water closet wonders aren't plumbers or evenp lumbing engineers.They're scientists working on motors to create the "jet flush" toilet.
Engineers at the Emerson Motor Company in St. Louis have developed a 3.3 inch motor and a .2 horsepower pump that fits in a toilet tank to add speed and power to each flush. These motorized toilets incorporate a steeper bowl than other gravity style toilets to allow waste water to flow out easier. A slanted bowl and pressurized flush also allow the system to employ less water than a traditional gravity-flow toilet. To operate, the unit is plugged into a standard outlet in the bathroom. To date, Kohler Co. is the first plumbing manufacturer to market this technology .
Motors are impacting plumbing in other ways too. Emerson partnered with pump manufacturers Zoeller Company and Hydromatic Pump Company to develop a plumbing system that liquefies waste. A pump is positioned in waste water pipes below the toilet and allows fixture manufacturers to meet existing water consumption requirements by chopping waste into a liquid consistency. As waste moves through the system, a 5.5 inch, high-torque motor drives a sharp tooth pump (much like that on a garbage disposer) that chops waste and toilet paper and pushes the resulting slush through the waste water system.
Who Can Resist? How complete would an article on the men behind the water closet be without at least one mention of Thomas Crapper? For a individual who had little or nothing to do with inventing the water closet, he has become a modern age folk hero. Despite all the evidence, people who should know - as well as those who don't - continue the tale of Thomas Crapper as the man who "invented the toilet."

TYPES OF TOILET

Types of toilets

Squat toilet as seen in some parts of France, Italy, India, Turkey, Japan, China and Iran.
The flush toilet was originally invented in the Indus Valley Civilization.[citation needed] The modern flush toilet was developed by Sir John Harington, but due to slurs published by himself and being ridiculed in England for his invention, his toilet was never mass-produced.[citation needed]
Then, Alexander Cummings, a watch-maker, patented his design for a flush toilet, which was the basis for the modern sitting toilet that a large part of the human population uses today. [citation needed]
There are also many different ways to clean oneself after using the toilet. A lot depends on national mores and local resources. The most common choice in the Western world is toilet paper, sometimes used in conjunction with the bidet. (See Toilet paper and Anal cleansing for a discussion of the many alternatives used through history and in different cultures.) In the Middle East and some countries in Asia, and South Asian countries such as India and Pakistan, the custom is to use water, either with or without toilet paper.[citation needed] Traditionally, the left hand is used for this, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many eastern countries.[citation needed]
Some toilet areas (otherwise known as "stalls"), are specially adapted for people with disabilities. These are wide enough to allow the entry by a person in a wheelchair, and often feature hand-holds bolted to the wall, enabling the person to maneuver onto the toilet, if necessary.
The most common type of toilet in modern cities is the flush toilet, in which water takes away the waste through sewers to a waste treatment plant. In rural areas where sewers are not practical, septic tanks may be installed instead.
The most common design in first-world countries is the or sitting toilet. Many other countries use the squat toilet, especially in public restrooms, finding it both cheaper to install and more hygenic to maintain.
Main designs
Specialty designs
Flush toilet
Squat toilet
Urinal
Wall-hung urinal
Floor-length urinal
Gutter type urinal
Female urinal
Toilet with built-in bidet
Chemical toilet
Dry toilet (i.e. no water used for flushing)
Pit toilet: very common in camping grounds in the United States. Also known as an outhouse in the U.S.
Composting toilet: Very commonly found in camping grounds in Europe, and large climbing parks. Also found in some modern ecologically designed buildings.
Urine-diverting & dry composting: a source-separation toilet that keeps urine and feces separate and simplifies the composting process. Can also be called an eco-san (from ecological sanitation) toilet, and is a viable alternative to flush sanitation in urban areas [1].
Incinerating toilet
Tree bog, a system for converting human faeces to biomass
Head: a toilet on a boat, which has a pump to bring cleaning seawater in and pump waste overboard or into a holding tank।


A flush toilet or poop-chute is a toilet that disposes of the waste matter by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. Modern toilets incorporate an 'S' bend; this 'trap' creates a water seal which remains filled with water between flushing, thus providing a hygienic barrier by preventing sewer gases from passing up the drainpipe. During flushing the 'S' bend also provides siphon action which helps accelerate the flushing process. However, since this type of toilet does not generally handle waste on site, separate waste treatment systems must be built.

WATERCLOSET/JAMBAN - APAKAH KONSEPNYA?

Jamban apakah konsepnya di sebalik flushing? Untuk pengetahuan anda jamban atau water closet dalam bahasa english atau dengan singkatan w.c..mempunyai pelbagai cara untuk flushing atau simbahan....

Diantaranya....

a) wash down

b) siphonic
b1। siphonic jet
b2।siphonic wash

c) etc...



a) WASHDOWN

Satu sistem yang biasa digunakan...simple dan mudah....air yang keluar dari rim mempunyai daya simbahan gravity .Air yang tersimpan di dalam tangki akan keluar apabila valve dibuka dan menuju ke rim wc.Daya yang terhasil bergantung kepada ketinggian air ke garis datum atau sebagai contoh rim w.c.Semakin tinggi air dari garis atau titik datum maka daya yang terhasil lebih kuat.Walaubagaimanapun faktor rupabentuk pipe flushing atau

rekabentuk w.c. juga perlu diambil kira.





b) SIPHONIC



Satu sistem yang mengikut konsep "throat" atau cekik.Apakah maksudnya...? Dalam bahasa yang mudah difahami kita mengambil contoh pipe air yang kita gunakan untuk menyiram bunga..apabila kita mengecilkan lubang aliran keluar air, kita dapati bahawa air semakin laju....

Satu lagi contoh perbandingan ialah..basin pencuci pingan.Perhatikan lubang keluar air basuhan...atau waste hole...Jika kita takungkan air didalam basin dengan menutup lubang keluar.Kemudian tarik penutup air tersebut.....perhatikan keadaan apabila air yang semakin kurang dilubang keluar...air menjadi semakin laju...berputar seperti ribut tornado...dan menghasilkan daya tarikan...Maka inilah konsep yang digunakan dan dinamakan siphonic.



e-mail: abdzamir75@yahoo.com.my